Theory and History of Ontology

by Raul Corazzon - e-mail: raul.corazzon[at]formalontology.it

For an overview see the Index of the Pages, the SITE MAP or the Alphabetical Index of the Philosophers: A-F - G-O - P-Z; You can also download this page as

Table of Contemporary Ontologists (click on the image to see the PDF file)

History of Medieval Logic after Boethius to Late Scholasticism

Index of the Section: "Ontology and History of Logic"

• Ontology and History of Logic in Western Thought

  • General Works and Bibliographies on the History of Logic

• Aristotle's Logic: General Survey and Introductory Readings

• Aristotle's Earlier Dialectic: the Topics and Sophistical Refutations

• Theory of Predication and Ontological Analysis in Aristotle's Categories

  • Annotated Bibliography on Aristotle's Categories (First part: A - F)

  • Annotated Bibliography on Aristotle's Categories (Second part: G - Z)

• Aristotle's De Interpretatione: Semantics and Philosophy of Language

  • Annotated bibliography on Aristotle's De Interpretatione

• Aristotle's Prior Analytics: the Theory of Categorical Syllogism

• Aristotle's Prior Analytics: the Theory of Modal Syllogism

• Aristotle's Posterior Analytics: The Theory of Demonstration

• Peripatetic Logic: Eudemus of Rhodes and Theophrastus of Eresus

• The History of Ancient Logic in the Hellenistic Period

  • Annotated bibliography on Ancient Logic after Aristotle to the Hellenistic Period

• The Dialectical School, Stoic Logic and the Doctrine of Lekta (Sayables)

  • Annotated bibliography on Stoic Logic A - G

  • Annotated bibliography on Stoic Logic H - Z

• Stoic Logicians: Diodorus Cronus, Philo of Megara, Chrysippus

• The Contribution of Boethius to the Development of Medieval Logic

• History of Medieval Logic after Boethius to Late Scholasticism

• Medieval Theories of Supposition (Reference) and Mental Language

  • Annotated bibliography on the Theories of Supposition and Mental Language A - L

  • Annotated bibliography on the Theories of Supposition and Mental Language M - Z

• The Development of Renaissance and Modern Logic from 1400 to Boole

• Leibniz on Logic and Semiotics: the Project of a Universal Language

  • Annotated bibliography of Leibniz on Logic and Semiotics A- K

  • Annotated bibliography of Leibniz on Logic and Semiotics L - Z

• The Rise of Contemporary Symbolic Logic from Frege to Gödel

• A Selection of Great Logicians from Aristotle to Gödel (1931)

INTRODUCTION: THE LOGICA VETUS: TEXTS AVAILABLE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

"Our point of departure will be an inventory of the exact quantum of knowledge of logic which was possessed during the period. The exact limits of this have been definitely established by the exhaustive researches of Jourdain, (1) Cousin, (2), De Rémusat, (3) Hauréau, (4) and Prantl. (5)

According to these investigators only the following logical treatises, from which others were derived, were known and used in Western Europe until the end of the twelfth century.

I. Capella's section on Logic in his Encyclopedia.

II. Augustine's, Principia Dialecticae and the pseudo Augustinian Categoriae decem ex Aristotele decreptae

III. Cassiodorus's section De Dialectica.

IV. The numerous logical works of Boethius, classified as follows:

A. Translations,

1. Porphyry's Isagoge.

2. Aristotle's Categories.

3. Aristotle's De Interpretatione.

B Commentaries,

1. On Victorinus's translation of Porphyry's Isagoge.

2. On his own translation of the Isagoge.

3. On Aristotle's Categories.

4. On Aristotle's De Interpretatione (2 editions).

5. On Cicero's Topica.

C. Original works,

1. An introduction to the categorical syllogism.

2. On the categorical syllogism.

3. On the hypothetical syllogism.

4. De Divisione.

5. De Definitione. [this work was wrongly attributed to Boethius in the Middlle Ages, but the author is Marius Victorinus]

6. De Differentiis Topicis.

V. Isidore of Seville's section De Arte Dialectica in his Etymologiae."

From: Paul Abelson - The Seven Liberal Arts. A study in mediaeval culture - New York: Teachers' College, Columbia University 1906, pp. 73-74

(1) Jourdain, Recherches Critiques sur l'Age et l'Origine des Traductions Latines d'Aristote, Paris, 1845.

(2)Victor Cousin, "Introduction aux Ouvrages inedits d'Abélard" in Collection des Documents Inédits sur l'Histoire de France, Vol. XXIV, 1836.

(3) De Rémusat, Abélard, 2 Vols. 1845.

(4) Hauréau, De la Philosophie Scolastique, 1850.

(5) Prantl, Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande, Vol. 2,1861.

History of Medieval Logic after Boethius to Late Scholasticism

• Early Medieval Latin Logicians

  • Marius Victorinus (4th century)

  • Martianus Capella (5th century)

  • Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (c. 480 - 524 or 525)

  • Byzantine logicians (from 6th to 12th century)

  • Alcuin of York (c. 735 - 804)

  • John Scottus Eriugena (c. 815 - 877)

• Logic and Grammar in 11th and 12th centuries

  • Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109)

  • Peter Abelard (1079 - 1142)

  • Garland the Computist (Garlandus Compotista) (11th century)

  • The anonymous Glosulae super Priscianum (end of 11th century)

• Logic and Grammar in 13th and 14th centuries

  • William of Shyreswood (1190 - 1249)

  • Ramón Lull (1232 - 1315)

  • Peter of Spain (13th century)

  • John Duns Scotus (c. 1266 - 1308)

  • Pseudo-Scotus (14th century)

  • William of Ockham (c. 1287 - 1347)

  • John Buridan (before 1300 - after 1361)

  • Thomas of Erfurt (first quarter of the 14th century)

  • Peter Aureoli (ca 1280 - 1322)

  • Walter Burley (c. 1275 - 1344)

  • Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 - 1358)

  • John Wyclif (c. 1330 - 1384)

  • Albert of Saxony (ca 1316 - 1390)

  • Peter of Ailly (c. 1350 - 1420)

  • Paul of Venice (c. 1369 - 1429)

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. English logic and semantics. From the end of the Twelfth century to the time of Ockham and Burleigh. Edited by Braakhuis Henk A.G., Kneepkens C.H., and De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Nijmegen: Ingenium Publishers 1981.
   Acts of the 4th European Symposium on mediaeval logic and semantics. Leiden-Nijmegen, 23-27 April 1979.
   Table of Contents: Preface VII; List of Participants VIII; L.M. de Rijk: Abailard's semantic views in the light of later developments 1; Notes 53; C.H. Kneepkens: Robert Blund and the theory of
   Evocation 59; Notes 82; Klaus Jacobi: Wilhelm von Shyreswood und die Dialectica Monacensis 99; Notes and Appendix 116; H.A.G. Braakhuis): English Tracts on syncategorematic
   terms from Robert Bacon to Walter Burley 131; Notes and Appendix 150; Karin Margareta Fredborg: Roger Bacon on "Impositio vocis ad significandum" 167; Notes and Appendix 180; Alain de Libera: Roger Bacon et le problème de l'appellatio univoca193; Notes 222; Osmund Lewry: The Oxford condemnations of 1277 in grammar and logic 235; Notes 254; N. J. Green-Pedersen: Walter Burley, De Consequentiis and the origin of the oheory of Consequence 279; Notes 298; J. Pinborg: Walter Burley on Exclusives 305; Notes and Appendices 321; Sten Ebbesen: Suprasegmental phonemes in ancient and mediaeval logic 331; Notes and Appendix 345; Paul Desmond Henry: Suppositio and Significatio in English Logic 361; Notes 381; Elizabeth Karger: Would Ockham have shaved Wyman's beard? 389; Notes 408; H. Hubien: Buridan and Lesniewski on the Copula 415; Ria van der Lecq: Buridan on modal propositions 427; Notes and Appendix 440; Graziella Federici Vescovini: A la recherche du mystérieux Buser 443; Notes 455; Indexes. Index of manuscripts 461; Index of ancient and mediaeval names 465-471.
   
   "Twelfth century education was an European affair and the Parisian schools of logic were its centre. Masters and students flocked together on the banks of the Seine and on the Montagne Ste. Genevieve and, after a long or short stay there, returned home to occupy all kinds of intellectual positions.
   An entirely different picture is offered by the 14th and 15th centuries. English logicians, especially the Oxford masters, were via their textbooks highly influential on the Art courses of many Universities on the Continent. Their teaching was clearly felt, indeed, to belong to a tradition which was different from the continental approach.
   Modern scholarship generally acknowledges that this insular tradition of logic held sway in the late Middle Ages, but has good reasons so far to doubt whether this was the situation in the foregoing centuries.
   So the IVth European Symposium on Mediaeval Logic and Semantics was intended to clarify the early development of "English Logic". The present volume, which contains all the papers read, presents the results of such an attempt. The Editors strongly hope that these Acta will be a stimulus for further research in this field." (From the Preface)

    

2. Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter. Edited by Beckmann Jan et al. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1981.
   Akten des VI. Internationale Kongresses für mitteralterliche Philosophie der Société Internationale pour l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale (29. August- 3. September 1977 in Bonn).
   Two volumes.

    

3. The Cambridge history of later medieval philosophy from the rediscovery of Aristotle to the disintegration of Scholasticism 1100-1600. Edited by Kretzmann Nicolas, Kenny Anthony, and Pinborg Jan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982.

    

4. Archéologie du signe. Edited by Brind'Amour Lucie and Vance Eugène. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies 1983.

    

5. The rise of British logic. Acts of the Sixth European Symposium of medieval logic and semantics. Balliol College, Oxford, 19-24 June 1983. Edited by Lewry P.O. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies 1983.

    

6. Mediaeval semantics and metaphysics. Studies dedicated to L. M. de Rijk. Edited by Bos Egbert Peter. Nijmegen: Ingenium Publishers 1985.

    

7. Logic and the philosophy of language. Edited by Kretzmann Norman and Stump Eleonore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988.
   The Cambridge translations of medieval philosophical texts. Volume 1.

    

8. Meaning and inference in medieval philosophy. Studies in memory of Jan Pinborg. Edited by Kretzmann Norman. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1988.

    

9. De Ortu grammaticae. Studies in medieval grammar in memory of Jan Pinborg. Edited by Bursill-Hall Geoffrey L., Ebbesen Sten, and Koerner Konrad. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Publ. 1990.

    

10. L'insegnamento della logica a Bologna nel XIV secolo. Edited by Buzzetti Dino, Ferriani Maurizio, and Tabarroni Andrea. Bologna: Istituto per la storia dell'Università 1992.
    Atti del seminario tenuto a Bologna nel 1990

     

11. Argumentationstheorie. Scholastische Forschungen zu den logischen und semantischen Regeln korrekten Folgerns. Leiden: E. J. Brill 1993.

     

12. Glosses and commentaries on Aristotelian logical texts: the Syriac, Arabic and medieval Latin tradition. Edited by Burnett Charles. London: The Warburg Institute 1993.

     

13. Logica e linguaggio nel Medioevo. Edited by Fedriga Riccardo and Puggioni Sara. Milano: LED - Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto - Milano 1993.

     

14. Sophisms in medieval logic and grammar. Edited by Read Stephen. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1993.
    Acts of the Ninth European Symposium for Medieval logic and semantics, held at St Andrews, June 1990.

     

15. "On the properties of discourse: a translation of Tractatus de Proprietatibus Sermonum (Author Anonymous)," Topoi.An International Review of Philosophy 16: 77-93 (1997).
    Translated by Stephen Barney, Wendy Lewis, Calvin Normore.
    
    "This is a translation of part of an anonymous early thirteenth tract on medieval semantics. The author discusses signification, supposition and appellation, including the division of supposition into determinate, distributive and merely confused. Causes of confusion are covered; sophisms are solved by applying the theory. Also covered: ampliation of terms by tenses and modalities."

     

16. Medieval analyses in language and cognition. Edited by Ebbesen Sten and Friedman Russell. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 1999.
    Acts of the symposium The Copenhagen School of Medieval philosophy January 10-13, 1996 organized by The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and The Institute for Greek and Latin, University of Copenhagen.

     

17. Théories de la phrase et de la proposition de Platon à Averroés. Edited by Büttgen Philippe, Dieble Stéphane, and Rashed Marwan. Paris: Éditions Rue d'Ulm 1999.
    Sommaire: Philippe Büttgen, Stéphane Diebler et Marwan Rashed: Avant-propos VII-IX; I. Aux origines ontologiques du langage rationnel; Claude Imbert: Le dialogue platonicien en quête de son identité 3; Denis O'Brien: Théories de la proposition dans le Sophiste de Platon 21; Francis Wolff: Proposition, être et vérité: Aristote ou Antisthène? 43; II. Entre logique et sémantique: l'autonomie problématique de la théorie aristotélicienne; Barbara Gernez: La théorie de la lexis chez Aristote 67; Jacques Brunschwig: Homonymie et contradiction dans la dialectique aristotélicienne 81; Pierre Chiron: La période chez Aristote 103; III. La théorie stoïcienne et ses enjeux; Jean-Baptiste Gourinat: La définition et les propriétés de la proposition dans
    le stoïcisme ancien 133; Frédérique Ildefonse: La théorie stoïcienne de la phrase (énoncé, proposition) et son influence chez les grammairiens 151; Marc Baratin: La conception de l'énoncé dans les textes grammaticaux latins 171; IV - D'Aristote à l'aristotélisme; Henri Hugonnard-Roche: La théorie de la proposition selon Proba, un témoin syriaque de la tradition grecque (VIe siècle) 191; Philippe Hoffmann: Les analyses de l'énoncé: catégories et parties du discours selon les commentateurs néoplatoniciens 209; Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal: La proposition assertorique (de inesse) selon Averroès 249; Ali Benmakhlouf: Averroès et les propositions indéfinies 269; Maroun Aouad: Les prémisses rhétoriques selon les Isarat d'Avicenne 281; Épilogue; Jean Jolivet: Sens des propositions et ontologie chez Pierre Abélard et Grégoire de Rimini 307; Index des auteurs anciens 325; Index des auteurs modernes 333-336

     

18. Medieval and Renaissance logic in Spain. Edited by Angelelli Ignacio and Pérez-Ilzarbe Paloma. Hildesheim: Georg Olms 2000.
    Acts of the 12th European Symposium on medieval logic and semantics, held at the University of Navarre (Pamplona, 26-30 May 1997).
    Table of Contents: Preface VII; List of Contributors IX-X; Section I. Peter of Spain and his commentators. Mikko Yrjönsuuri: Words and things in Pter of Spain's Syncategoremata 3; José Miguel Gambra: The fallacy of the accident in Peter of Spain's Tractatus and in other Thirteenth-century works 21; Sten Ebbesen, Irène Rosier-Catach: Robertus Anglicus on Peter of Spain 61; Dino Buzzetti: Blasius Pelacani, the paradoxes of implication and the notion of logical consequence 97; Alfonso Maierù: Antonio da Scarperia's Commentary on Peter of Spain's Tractatus 137; Section II. Studies on Spanish logical texts. José Angel García Cuadrado: TRadition and innovation in the logical treatises of St. Vincent Ferrer (1350-1419) 159; Joke Spruyt: Some remarks on semantic topics in two Spanish tractus de Consequentiis 183; L. M. de Rijk: Logica Morelli. Some notes on the semantics fo a Fifteenth century Spanish logic 209; Angel D'Ors: "Dubium proponitur": Andrés Limos and the Treatise on Obligations 225; Paloma Pérez-Ilzarbe: Time and propositions in Jerónimo Pardo 251; Joël Biard: Les trois "voies" selon les textes logiques de Jean de Celaya 275; E. J. Ashworth: Domingo de Soto on Obligationes: his use of Dubie positio 291; Ria van der Lecq: Domingo de Soto on Universals and the ontology of intentions 309; E. P. Bos: Nature and number of the Categories and the dvision of Being according to Domingo de Soto (1495-1560) 327; William McMahon: The Categories in some post-medieval Spanish philosophers 355; Section III. Other studies. C. H. Kneepkens: The Absoluta cuiuslibet attributed to P. H. Some notes in his transmission and the use made of it by Robert Kilwardby and Roger Bacon 373; Lynn Cates: Lull's modal voluntarism 405; Allan Bäck: The structure of Scotus' formal distinction 411; Christopher J. Martin: Logic for distinctions: Peter of Navarre and the Scotistic treatment of impossible hypotheses 439; Indexes: Index of manuscripts 467; Index of names 471; Index of concepts 477-479

     

19. The Cambridge translations of medieval philosophical texts. Mind and knowledge. Edited by Pasnau Robert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002.

     

20. Medieval theories on assertive and non-assertive language. Edited by Maierù Alfonso and Valente Luisa. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki 2004.
    Acts of the 14th European Symposium on medieval logic and semantics. Rome, June 11-15 2002.

     

21. Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic. Edited by Gabbay Dov and Woods John. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2008.
    Handbook of the History of Logic: vol. 2.
    Contents: Dov M. Gabbay and John Woods: Preface VII; List of Contributors IX; John Marenbon: Logic before 1100: the Latin tradition 65; Ian Wilks: Peter Abelard and his contemporaries 83; Terence Parsons: The development of Supposition Theory in the later 12th through 14th centuries 157; Henrik Lagerlund: The assimilation of Aristotelian and Arabic logic up to the later thirteenth century 281; Ria van der Lecq: Logic and theories of meaning in the late 13th and early 14th century including the Modistae 347; Gyula Klima: The nominalist semantic of Ockham and Buridan: a 'rational reconstruction' 389; Catarina Dutilh Novaes: Logic in the 14th century after Ockham 433; Simo Knuuttila: Medieval modal theories and modal logic 505; Mikko Yrjönsuuri: Treatments of the paradoxes of self-reference 579; E. Jennifer Ashworth: Developments in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries 609; Peter Dvorák: Relational logic of Juan Caramuel 645; Russell Wahl: Port-Royal: the stirrings of modernity 667; index 701.

     

22. Abelson Paul. The Seven Liberal Arts. A study in mediaeval culture. New York: Teachers' College, Columbia University 1906.
    Reprint: New York, Russell & Russell, 1965.
    See Chapter VI: Logic pp. 72-89.

     

23. Amerini Fabrizio, "La dottrina della significatio di Francesco da Prato O.P. (XIV secolo). Una critica tomista a Guglielmo di Ockham," Documenti e Studi sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale XI: 375-408 (2000).

     

24. Amerini Fabrizio, "What is Real. A Reply to Ockham's ontological program," Vivarium 43: 187-212 (2005).
    "When Ockham's logic arrives in Italy, some Dominican philosophers bring into question Ockham's ontological reductionist program. Among them, Franciscus de Prato and Stephanus de Reate pay a great attention to refute Ockham's claim that no universal exists in the extra-mental world. In order to reject Ockham's program, they start by reconsidering the notion of 'real', then the range of application of the rational and the real distinction. Generally, their strategy consists in re-addressing against Ockham some arguments extracted from Hervaeus Natalis's works. Franciscus's and Stephanus's basic idea is that some universals are not acts of cognition, but extra-mental, predicable things. Such things are not separable from singulars, nonetheless they are not the same as those singulars. Consequently, it is not necessary to allow, as Ockham does, that if two things are not really identical, they are really different and hence really separable. According to them, it is possible to hold that two things are not really identical without holding that they are also really non-identical and hence really different. Basically, their reply relies on a different notion of the relation of identity. Identity is regarded as an intersection of classes of things, so that it is possible to say that two things are really identical without saying that they also are the same thing. Franciscus and Stephanus, however, do not seem to achieve completely their aim."

     

25. Arens Hans, "Verbum Cordis. Zur Sprachphilosophie des Mittelalters," Historiographia Linguistica 7: 13-25 (1980).

     

26. Bakker Paul, "Syncategorèmes, concepts equivocité: deux questions anonymes, conservées dans le ms. Paris, B.N. lat. 16.401, liées à la sèmantique de Pierre d'Ailly (c. 1350-1420)," Vivarium 34: 76-131 (1996).
    "This article offers an analysis and an edition of two anonymous semantical questions. Both questions are concerned with problems relating to mental language. The first question investigates the nature of the mental correlate of vocal or written syncategorematic terms. The second question examines the possibility of equivocal concepts. The article shows that both texts originate from a semantical tradition of which William of Ockham, John Buridan, Albert of Saxony, Marsilius of Inghen and Peter of Ailly were the main representatives. More specifically, the doctrine of both questions appears to be closely related to Peter of Ailly's Compendium "conceptus"."

     

27. Barth Else M. The logic of the articles in traditional philosophy. Dordrecht: Reidel 1974.

     

28. Bäck Allan. The ordinary language approach in Traditional logic. In Argumentationstheorie. Scholastische Forschungen zu den logischen und semantischen Regeln korrekte Folgerns. Edited by Jacobi Klaus. Leiden: Brill 1993. pp. 507-530

     

29. Bäck Allan. On reduplication. Logical Theories of Qualification. Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill 1996.

     

30. Bianchi Simona, "La trasmissione della logica aristotelica nell'Occidente latino : il caso del Peri hermeneias di Apuleio," Studi Medievali 36: 63-86 (1995).
    "L'importanza del Peri hermeneias, di dubbia paternità apuleiana, per la conoscenza del pensiero logico aristotelico in periodo tardo antico e medievale fino al 12° sec., quando la nascita delle Università e la diffusione in traduzione latina dei commenti arabi ad Aristotele ne rendono superata la trattazione e ne favoriscono il pressoché totale oblio."

     

31. Biard Joël. Logique et théorie du signe au XIVe siècle. Paris: Vrin 1989.

     

32. Biard Joël, "La logica del Medioevo, oggi," Paradigmi.Rivista di Critica Filosofica 17 (50): 207-241 (1999).

     

33. Bochenski Joseph, "On analogy," Thomist 11: 424-447 (1948).

     

34. Boehner Philotheus. Medieval logic. An outline of its development from 1250 to c. 1400. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1952.
    Contents: Preface VII; Introduction XI-XVII; Part One. Elements of Scholastic logic. I. The legacy of Scholastic logic 1; II. New elements of Scholastic logic 6; Part Two. Important contributions of Scholastic logic. I. The syncategoremata as logical constants 19; II. The theory of supposition 27; III. The theory of consequences 52; Part Three. Systems of Scholastic logic 77; Conclusion 95; Appendix I. Sophismata of Albert Saxony 97; Appendix II. The rules of supposition of Albert of Saxony 103; Notes 115; Index 129-130.

     

35. Boh Ivan, "The "conditionatim"-clause: one of the problems of existential import in the history of logic," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 18: 459-466 (1977).
    "An attempt is made to provide a "missing link" in the history of the problem of existential import of standard categorical propositions by examining the late-medieval compilation "Parvulus logice" and finding there a promising direction toward modern interpretation. The anonymous author realizes that an existential assumption must be made for affirmative propositions to secure the validity of A I, but curiously he adds the assumption conditionally rather than conjunctively and this not only for "A" but also for "I" propositions. he latter insistence leads to unacceptable consequences, even if one accepts the medieval maxim that negative propositions have no existential import; but dropping the "conditionatim"-clause requirement for "I" propositions and insisting on it for "A" propositions only would yield precisely the "modern" Square."

     

36. Boh Ivan, "Epistemic and alethic iteration in later medival logic," Philosophia Naturalis 24: 492-506 (1984).

     

37. Boh Ivan. Epistemic logic in the later Middle Ages. New York: Routledge 1993.

     

38. Bottin Francesco. Le antinomie semantiche nella logica medievale. Padova: Antenore 1976.

     

39. Braakhuis Henk A.G. English Tracts on syncategorematic terms from Robert Bacon to Walter Burley. In English logic and semantics: from the end of the Twelfth century to the time of Ockham and Burleigh. Edited by Braakhuis Henk A.G., Kneepkens Cornelis H., and De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Nijmegen: Ingenium Publishers 1981. pp.

     

40. Broadie Alexander. The Circle of John Mair. Logic and logicians in Pre-Reformation Scotland. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1985.

     

41. Broadie Alexander. Introduction to medieval logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993.
    Second revised edition; first edition 1987.

     

42. Cesalli Laurent. Le réalisme propositionnel. Sémantique et ontologie des propositions chez Jean Duns Scot, Gauthier Burley, Richard Brinkley et Jean Wyclif. Paris: Vrin 2007.

     

43. Conti Alessandro D. Esistenza e verità. Forme e strutture del reale in Paolo Veneto e nel pensiero filosofico del Tardo Medioevo. Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo 1996.

     

44. Courtenay William, "Force of words and figures of speech: The crisis over Virtus Sermonis in the Fourteenth century," Franciscan Studies 44: 107-128 (1984).

     

45. Coxito Amandio. Lógica, semântica e conhecimento na escolástica peninsular pré-renascentista. Coimbra: Biblioteca Geral da Universidade 1981.

     

46. D'Onofrio Giulio. Fons scientiae. La dialettica nell'Occidente tardo-antico. Napoli: Liguori 1986.

     

47. De Libera Alain, "Bulletin d'histoire de la logique médiévale (Première Partie)," Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques 69: 273-309 (1985).

     

48. De Libera Alain, "Bulletin d'histoire de la logique médiévale (Deuxième Partie)," Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques 71: 590-634 (1987).

     

49. De Libera Alain, "Bulletin d'histoire de la logique médiévale (Troisième Partie)," Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques 76: 640-666 (1992).

     

50. De Libera Alain. L'art des généralités: théories de l'abstraction. Paris: Aubier 1999.

     

51. De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Logica Modernorum. A contribution to the history of early terminist logic. Vol. 1: On the twelfth century theory of fallacy. Assen: Van Gorcum 1962.
    From the Preface: "In this work the author tries to show how the Logica Modernorum, - which, as is known, exerted, from the thirteenth century onwards, such a profound influence on the development of Mediaeval Philosophy -, had its origin in the twelfth century logical and grammatical theories which arose in the Western centers of studies, especially in Paris.
    The first volume deals with one of the two roots of this development: the twelfth century doctrine of fallacy; the second volume will treat of the Logica Modernorum in the grammatical theories of the twelfth century.
    The author thought it of great importance to edit in full the main treatises on which his studies are based; they are found in the Appendices A-E. Appendix F contains three passages from twelfth century Perihermeneias-commentaries; in order to avoid the false suggestion that one has to do here with fragmentary remnants which have come down to us, I chose, despite its somewhat culinary sound, the term 'Frustula' instead of the more usual 'Fragmenta'. Some information on the manuscripts concerned is given in the course of this study; for the places,
    consult the List of manuscripts used.
    As to the ratio edendi I refer to the preface of my edition of the Dialectica of Garlandus Compotista, published as part III in the same series.
    The Index nominum, the Index locorum and the Index sophismatum aim at completeness. The Index verborum et rerum is not exhaustive: it only
    tries to give a number of words and phrases considered as important for the understanding of the conceptual and doctrinal contents of the edited treatises and to facilitate the reader's orientation in this study."
    
    Contents: Preface 11; 1. The specific character of the Logica Modernorum 13; 2. The theory of fallacy in the framework of the Logica Vetus 24; 3. The theory of fallacy in the great logical works of Peter Abailard 49; 4. The theory of fallacy in the School of the Parvipontani 62; 5. The earliest mediaeval commentaries on the Sophistici Elenchi 82; 6. The theory of fallacy in the later glosses on the Perihemeneias 113; 7. Two treatises on fallacy from the latter part of the twelfth century 127; 8. On the use of the doctrine of fallacy in twelfth century theology 153; Books and articles referred to 179; List of manuscripts used 181; Appendices: A. Glose in Arist. Sophisticos Elencos 187; B. Summa Sophistorum Elencorum 257; C. Tractatus de dissimilitudine argumentorum 459; D. Fallacie Vindobonenses 459; E. Fallacie Parvipontane 491; F. [Frustula Logicalia] 611; Indices: A. Index locorum 629; B. Index nominum 642; C. Index sophismatum et exemplorum 646; D. Index verborum et rerum 659-674.

     

52. De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Logica Modernorum. A contribution to the history of early terminist logic. Vol. 2, Part one: The origin and early development of the theory of supposition. Assen: Van Gorcum 1967.
    From the Preface: "In this work it will be attempted to show how the Logica Modernorum had its origin, long before the thirteenth century, in the logical and grammatical theories current in the Western centers of studies: Paris, Oxford and presumably a school in Northern Italy.
    The first volume dealt with what was considered as one of the two roots of this development: the twelfth century theories of' fallacy. The present volume discusses the other source: the development of Mediaeval grammar from an elementary discussion of (Latin) grammar to a linguistic-semantic theory of' (Latin) language. It was the latter contribution that was of extreme importance for the origin of the theory of supposition, and generally speaking, of terminist logic.
    The purpose of this volume is to trace the details of the origin of the. theory of' supposition, including appellation and copulation, and to discuss the theory of the properties of terms as found about 1200. Besides, some historical evidence will be given for the origins of' the tracts dealing with the properties of syncategorematic terms and those discussing the other specific elements of the Logica Modernorum.
    The author has thought it of some importance for further investigation in this field to edit in full the main treatises on which the present study is based. They will be found in the second part of' this book. They have been arranged chronologically, except for the Quaestiones Victorinae, which are to be considered as an extra.
    The Index nominum, the Index locorum and the Index sophismatum aim at completeness. The Index verborum et rerum is not exhaustive: it only tries to give a number of words and phrases considered as important for our understanding of the conceptual and doctrinal contents of the edited tracts, and to facilitate the reader's orientation in this study."
    
    Contents: Part One: 1. Introduction, analysis of the manuscripts concerned 11; 2. On the development of mediaeval grammar 95; 3. The increasing use of special textbooks of logic in the first half of the twelfth century 126; 4. The theory of signification in twelfth century logic up to about 1140 177; 5. On the theory of signification in twelfth century grammar 221; 6. The tract on logic contained in MS. Oxford, Digby 174, analysis of its content, its origin and date 264; 7. Ars Meliduna. On the theory of terms 292; 8. Ars Meliduna. On the denotation of the terms 306; 9. Ars Meliduna. The theory of proposition 319; 10. Ars Meliduna. The theory of the enuntiabile 357; 11. Some treatises on logic dating from about 1200 391; 12. The Dialectica Monacensis preserved in Munich, C.L.M. 14, 763 408; 13. Some early Oxford tracts on logic 416; 14. The Summe Metenses found in Paris, B. N. Lat. 11, 412 449; 15. The doctrine of fallacy and the origin of the theories of supposition 491; 16. The grammatical origin and early development of the theory of Appellation (Supposition) 513; 17. The logical theory of the Properties of terms up to about 1200 555; Books and articles referred to 599; List of the manuscripts used 606; List of incipits 608-614.

     

53. De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Logica Modernorum. A contribution to the history of early terminist logic. Vol. 2, Part two: The origin and early development of the theory of supposition. Text and indices. Assen: Van Gorcum 1967.
    Edition of a number of tracts dating from c. 1130 up to c. 1220.
    
    Contents: I. Introductiones Montane minores 7; II. Abbreviatio Montana 73; III. Excerpta Norimbergensia 109; IV. Ars Emmerana 143; V. Ars Burana 175; VI. Tractatus Anagnini 215; VII. Tractatus de univocatione Monacensis 333; VIII. Introductiones Parisienses 353; IX. Logica "Ut dicit" 375; X. Logica "Cum sit nostra" 413; XI. Dialectica Monacensis 453; XII. Fallacie Londinenses 639; XIII. Fallacie Magistri Willelmi 679; XIV. Tractatus de proprietatibus sermonum 703; XV. Quaestiones Victorinae 731; Indices: a. Index locorum; B. Index nominum; C. Index verborum et rerum; D. Index sophismatum et exemplorum.

     

54. Dürr Karl, "Aussagenlogik im Mittelalter," Erkenntnis 7: 160-168 (1938).

     

55. Ebbesen Sten, "The dead man is alive," Synthese 40: 43-70 (1979).

     

56. Ebbesen Sten, "The present King of France wears hipothetical shoes with categorical laces. Twelfth-century writers on well-formedness," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 7: 91-114 (1981).

     

57. Ebbesen Sten. Ancient Scholastic logic as the source of medieval scholastic logic. In The Cambridge history of later medieval philosophy from the rediscovery of Aristotle to the disintegration of Scholasticism 1100-1600. Edited by Kretzmann Nicolas, Kenny Anthony, and Pinborg Jan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982. pp. 101-127

     

58. Ebbesen Sten. OXYNAT: a theory about the origins of British logic. In The rise of British logic. Edited by Lewry P.Osmund. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies 1983. pp. 1-18

     

59. Ebbesen Sten. The odissey of semantics from the Stoa to Buridan. In History of semiotics. Edited by Eschbach Achim and Trabant Jürgen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 1983. pp. 67-85

     

60. Ebbesen Sten. Porphyry's legacy to logic: a reconstruction. In Aristotle transformed. The ancient Commentators and their influence. Edited by Sorabji Richard. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1990. pp.

     

61. Ebbesen Sten, "Western and Byzantine approaches to logic," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 62: 167-178 (1992).

     

62. Ebbesen Sten, "What must on have an opinion about," Vivarium 30: 62-79 (1992).

     

63. Ebbesen Sten. The theory of loci in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In Argumentationstheorie. Scholastische Forschungen zu den logischen und semantischen Regeln korrekten Folgerns. Edited by Jacobi Klaus. Leiden: Brill 1993. pp. 15-40

     

64. Ebbesen Sten, "Greek and Latin medieval logic," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 66: 67-95 (1996).

     

65. Ebbesen Sten, "Words and signification in 13th-century Questions on Aristotle's Metaphysics," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 71: 71-114 (2000).

     

66. Ebbesen Sten, "The way fallacies were treated in scholastic Logic," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 55: 107-134 (2001).

     

67. Ebbesen Sten. Greek-Latin philosophical interaction . In Byzantine philosophy and its ancient sources. Edited by Ieradakonou Katerina. Oxford: Clarendon Press 2002. pp. 15-30
    Reprinted as Chapter 2 in: Collected Essays of Sten Ebbesen Volume 1: Greek-Latin philosophical interaction - Aldershot, Ashgate, pp. 7-20

     

68. Ebbesen Sten, "The Traditions of Ancient Logic-cum-Grammar in the Middle Ages -- What's the Problem?," Vivarium 45: 136-152 (2007).

     

69. Ebbesen Sten. Topics in Latin philosophy from the 12th-14th centuries. Aldershot: Ashgate 2009.
    Collected Essays of Sten Ebbesen Volume 2

     

70. Ebbesen Sten. Topics, fallacies and sophismata. Aldershot: Ashgate 2009.
    Not yet published.
    Collected Essays of Sten Ebbesen Volume 3.

     

71. Eco Umberto, "Signification and denotation from Boethius to Ockham," Franciscan Studies 44: 1-29 (1984).

     

72. Eco Umberto. Denotation. In On the medieval theory of signs. Edited by Eco Umberto and Marmo Costantino. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins 1989. pp. 43-77
    Translated in Italian as Appendix 1 to: U. Eco - Kant e l'ornitorinco - Milano, Bompiani 1997

     

73. Edwards Sandra, "Some medieval views on identity," New Scholasticism 51: 62-74 (1977).
    "The purpose of the article is to examine and reconstruct two contrasting medieval views of identity and non-identity. First the relativist positions of Aquinas and Scotus are examined and an attempt is made to reconstruct them to accommodate relativization to Leibniz's law via different levels of discernibility and indiscernibility. Next the absolutist position of Ockham is examined along with his reasons for rejecting relativization. An attempt is made to show how he could handle the problems of his predecessors through the doctrine of supposition of terms rather than relativization. Ockham's view is briefly compared with some twentieth century absolutist positions."

     

74. Elie Hubert. Le complexe significabile. Paris: Vrin 1936.
    Réinprimé avec le title: Le signifiable par complexe. La proposition et son objet. Grégoire de Rimini, Meinong, Russell - Paris, Vrin, 2000.

     

75. Epstein Richard, "A theory of truth based on a medieval solution to the Liar Paradox," History and Philosophy of Logic 13: 149-177 (1992).

     

76. Geach Peter. A medieval discussion of intentionality. In Logic, methodology and philosophy of science (vol. 4). Edited by Bar-Hillel Yehoshua. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1965. pp. 425-433

     

77. Geach Peter. A history of the corruptions of logic: an inaugural lecture. Leeds: Leeds University Press 1968.
    Delivered before the University of Leeds on 22 January 1968; reprinted in: Logic matters - Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1972, chapter 1.5 pp. 44-61.

     

78. Geach Peter Thomas. Reference and generality. An examination of some medieval and modern theories. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1962.
    Second emended editon 1968; third revised and expanded edition 1980.

     

79. Goubier Frédéric, "Influences prédicatives et conséquences référentielles; un aspect de l'approche terministe de la première moitié du XIII siècle," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 71: 37-70 (2000).

     

80. Green-Pedersen Niels Jørgen. The Tradition of the topics in the Middle Ages. The commentaries on Aristotle's and Boethius' 'Topics'. Münich: Philosophia Verlag 1984.

     

81. Green-Pedersen Niels Jørgen, "The topics in medieval logic," Argumentation 1: 407-417 (1987).
    "The topics is a theory of argumentation based upon topoi or in Latin loci. The medieval logicians used works by Aristotle and Boethius as their sources for this doctrine, but they developed it in a rather original way. The topics became a higher-level analysis of arguments which are non-valid from a purely formal point of view, but where it is none the less legitimate to infer the conclusion from the premiss(es). In this connection the topics give rise to a number of discussions about the form and the matter of arguments. Further the topic contribute to the elaboration of the important doctrine of the second intentions, i.e. higher-level concepts of the particular things. In some respects the topics may be said to form a link between formal and informal logic. The topics vanished as a part of logic at the end of the Middle Ages, perhaps because the medieval logicians never got rid of Boethius' claim to have compiled a complete list of the loci, which was an unlucky one. The topics does not have an exact parallel in modern formal logic, but some reflections on non-formal argumentation by recent authors contain certain resemblances to it."

     

82. Henninger Mark G. Relations. Medieval theories 1250-1325. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989.

     

83. Henry Desmond Paul. Medieval logic and metaphysics. A modern introduction. London: Hutchinson University Library 1972.

     

84. Henry Desmond Paul. The Oxford condemnations of 1277 in grammar and logic. In English logic and semantics: from the end of the Twelfth century to the time of Ockham and Burleigh. Edited by Braakhuis Henk A.G., Kneepkens Corneli Henri, and De Rijk Lambertus Marie. Nijmegen: Ingenium Publishers 1981. pp. 235-278

     

85. Henry Desmond Paul, "Medieval metaphysics and contemporary logical language," Topoi.An International Review of Philosophy 1: 43-51 (1982).

     

86. Henry Desmond Paul. New aspects of medieval logic. In Atti del convegno internazionale di storia della logica. Edited by Abrusci Michele, Casari Ettore, and Mugnai Massimo. Bologna: CLUEB 1983. pp. 59-68

     

87. Hubien Hubert, "Logiciens médiévaux et logique d'aujourd'hui," Revue Philosophique de Louvain 75: 219-233 (1977).

     

88. Ieradakonou Katerina, "The hypothetical syllogisms in the Greek and Latin medieval traditions," Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 66: 96-116 (1996).

     

89. Iwakuma Yukio and Ebbesen Sten, "Logico-theological Schools from the second half of the 12th century: a list of sources," Vivarium 30: 173-210 (1992).

     

90. Jacobi Klaus, "Die Semantik Sprachlicher Ausdrücke, Ausdrucksfolgen und Aussagen in Abailards Kommentar zu 'Peri Hermeneias'," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 7: 41-90 (1981).

     

91. Jacobi Klaus, "Statements about events. Modal and tense analysis in medieval logic," Vivarium 21: 85-107 (1983).

     

92. Jolivet Jean, "Vues médiévales sur les paronymes," Revue Internationale de Philosophie 21: 222-242 (1975).

     

93. Kann Christoph. Die Eigenschaften der Termini: eine Untersuchung zur Perutilis logica Alberts von Sachsen. Leiden : Brill 1994.

     

94. Kann Christoph. Medieval logic as a formal science. In Foundations of the formal sciences IV. The history of the concept of the formal sciences. Edited by Löwe Benedikt, Peckhaus Volker, and Räsch Thomas. London: College Publications 2006. pp. 103-123

     

95. Karger Elizabeth, "The 15th and early 16th century logicians on the quantification of categorical sentences," Topoi.An International Review of Philosophy 16 (1): 65-76 (1997).

     

96. Klima Gyula. Ars artium: essays in philosophical semantics, mediaeval and modern. Budapest: Institute of philosophy of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1988.

     

97. Klima Gyula. The Square of Opposition, common personal supposition and the identity theory of predication within quantification theory. In Ars Artium: essays in philosophical semantics. Budapest: 1988. pp. 249-267

     

98. Klima Gyula. Approaching natural language via mediaeval logic. In Zeichen, Denken, Praxis. Edited by Bernard J. and Kelemen J. Vienna: Institut fur Sozio-Semiotische Studien 1990. pp. 249-267

     

99. Klima Gyula, "Ontological alternatives vs. alternative semantics in medieval philosophy," Logical Semiotics, S - European Journal for Semiotic Studies 3: 587-618 (1991).

     

100. Klima Gyula. Existence and reference in mediaeval logic. In New essays in free logic. Edited by Morscher Edgar and Hieke Alexander. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995. pp. 197-226

      

101. Klima Gyula. Contemporary essentialism vs. Aristotelian essentialism. In Mind, metaphysics, and value in the thomistic and analytical traditions. Edited by Haldane John.University of Notre Dame Press 2002. pp. 175-194

      

102. Knuuttila Simo. Modalities in obligational disputations. In Atti del convegno internazionale di storia della logica. Le teorie della modalità. San Gimignano, 5-8 dicembre 1987. Edited by Corsi Giovanna, Mangione Corrado, and Mugnai Massimo. Bologna: CLUEB 1989. pp. 79-92

      

103. Knuuttila Simo. Modalities in medieval philosophy. New York: Routledge 1993.

      

104. Knuuttila Simo. How theological problems infuenced to development of medieval logic? In "Ad Ingenii Acuitionem". Studies in honour of Alfonso Maierù. Edited by Caroti Stefano et al. Louvain-la-Neuve: Fédération Internationale des Instituts d'Études Médiévales 2006. pp. 183-198

      

105. Kretzmann Norman, "Medieval logicians on the meaning of the Propositio," Journal of Philosophy 67 (20): 767-787 (1970).
     "When the medievals spoke of a propositio they were speaking not of a propositional content but of a propositional sign, written or spoken or mental. I shall use the word `proposition' in this paper in order to speak of written or spoken propositional signs-type-sentences or token-sentences in the indicative mood. Mental propositional signs I shall call mental propositions. I shall simplify the topic by considering only completely general, nonindexical propositions, those whose meaning and truth value remain the same regardless of who utters them or the circumstances of their utterance.
     I am taking it for granted that a complete theory of linguistic meaning must include accounts of what signs stand for and of what signs convey-broadly speaking, a theory of reference and a theory of sense. I believe that medieval logicians produced a theory of reference and a theory of sense for propositions, but in two separate developments, without recognizing that the theories were complementary. One of these was terminism, the semantic theory characteristic of terminist logic. Briefly, terminism is an elaborate analysis of the ways in which all the words making up the proposition affect one another's reference or logical status. The other development consists in a family of semantic, logical, epistemological, and ontological doctrines centering around the notion of the significatum, or enuntiabile, or dictum of the proposition. I shall speak of this development, and especially of its semantic component, as dictism.
     In this paper I want to give some idea of the nature of these two developments and to suggest that we can piece together the most complete theory of propositional meaning medieval logic has to offer if we take terminism as a theory of propositional reference and dictism as a theory of propositional sense. I shall begin by considering terminism from that point of view."

      

106. Kretzmann Norman, "'Sensus compositus, sensus divisus', and propositional attitudes," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 7: 195-230 (1981).

      

107. Lafleur Claude, "Questions de style et de méthode. Claude Panaccio et l'histoire d'un thème philosophico-théologique de l'Antiquité à la fin du Moyen Âge," Laval Théologique et Philosophique 57 (2): 213-223 (2001).
     "This contribution raises, in a reflection on method and style which operates a frequent comparison with the works of Alain de Libera, the question of whether Claude Panaccio's treatment of the mental discourse theme through a multisecular period gives an adequate account of both the historical and the theological settings of the problem considered. The conclusion is positive in respect of the former point, but more dubitative in respect of the latter where the interpretation of the Franciscan William of Ockham's thought is at issue. The difficulty raised by the institutional context of Ockham's philosophical activity as well as of his fellow theologians is briefly discussed in the end."

      

108. Lagerlund Henrik. Modal syllogistics in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill 2000.

      

109. Laughlin Burgess. The Aristotle adventure. A guide to the Geek, Arabic, and Latin Scholars who transmitted Aristotle's logic to the Renaissance. Flagstaff: Albert Hale Publishing 1995.

      

110. Libera Alain de, "Référence et champ: genèse et structure des théories médiévales de l'ambiguíté (XIIe-XIIIe siècles)," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 10: 155-208 (1984).

      

111. Libera Alain de. La logique du moyen âge comme logique naturelle (Sprachlogik). Vues médiévales su l'ambiguité. In Sprachphilosophie in Antike und Mittelalter. Edited by Mojsisch Burkhard. Amsterdam: Verlag B. R. Grüner 1986. pp. 403-435

      

112. Libera Alain de and Rosier Irène. La pensée linguistique médiévale. In Histoire des idées linguistiques. Tome 2: Le développement de la grmmaire occidentale. Edited by Auroux Sylvain. Bruxelles: Mardaga 1992. pp. 115-158

      

113. Libera Alain de. Référence et quantification. Sur la théorie de la distributio au XIII siècle. In Langages et philosophie. Hommage à Jean Jolivet. Edited by Libera Alain de, Elamrani-Jamal Abdelali, and Galonnier Alain. Paris: Vrin 1997. pp. 177-200

      

114. Libera Alain de. La référence vide. Théories de la proposition. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France 2002.

      

115. Maierù Alfonso. Terminologia logica della tarda scolastica. Roma: Edizioni dell'Ateneo 1972.
     The chapter "Confusio" (pp. 217-270) has been reprinted in: Frediga Riccardo and Puggioni Sara (eds.) "Logica e linguaggio nel Medioevo" - LED 1993 pp. 259-294

      

116. Maierù Alfonso. "Signum" dans la culture médiévale. In Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter. Axten des VI. Internationalen Kongresses für Mittelaterliche Philosophie der Société internationale pour l'étude de la philosophie médiévale (First volume). Edited by Beckmann Jan P. et al. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 1981. pp. 51-72

      

117. Maierù Alfonso. Signum negli scritti filosofici e teologici fra XIII e XIV secolo. In Signum. IX Colloquio internazionale. Roma, 8-10 gennaio 1998. Edited by Bianchi Massimo Luigi. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki 1999. pp. 119-141

      

118. Malcolm John, "A reconsideration of the identity and inherence theories of the copula," Journal of the History of Philosophy 17: 383-400 (1979).

      

119. Manekin Charles, "Some aspects of the assertoric syllogism in medieval Hebrew logic," History and Philosophy of Logic 17: 49-71 (1996).
     "This paper introduces the reader to the medieval Hebrew tradition of logic by considering its treatment of Aristotelian syllogistic. Starting in the thirteenth century European Jews translated Arabic and Latin texts into Hebrew and produced commentaries and original compendia. Because they stood culturally and geographically at the cross-roads of two great traditions they were influenced by both. This is clearly seen in the development of syllogistic theory, where the Latin tradition ultimately replaces, though never entirely, its Arabic counterpart. Specific attention is devoted to the debate about the so-called Galenian fourth figure. In medieval Hebrew logic one finds both defenders and detractors of the figure, the former appearing towards the beginning of the period in question. With the ascendancy of scholastic logic the fourth figure virtually disappears from Hebrew texts."

      

120. Manekin Charles, "Scholastic logic and the Jews," Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale 43: 123-147 (1999).

      

121. Marenbon John. Medieval Latin Commentaries and Glosses on Aristotelian logical texts, before c. 1150 A.D. In Glosses and commentaries on Aristotelian logical texts: The Syriac, Arabic and Medieval Latin traditions. Edited by Burnett Charles. London: The Warburg Institute, University of London 1993. pp. 77-127
     Reprinted as Chapter II in: John Marenbon - Aristotelian logic, Platonism, and the context of early medieval philosophy in the West - Aldershot - Ashgate, 2000.

      

122. Marenbon John. Glosses and commentaries on the Categories and De interpretatione before Abelard. In Dialektik und Rhetorik im früheren und hohen Mittelalter. Rezeption, Überlieferung und gesellschaftliche Wirkung antiker Gelehrsamkeit vornehmlich im 9. und 12. Jahrhundert. Edited by Fried Johannes. München: Oldenbourg 1997. pp. 21-49
     Reprinted as Chapter IX in: John Marenbon - Aristotelian logic, Platonism, and the context of early medieval philosophy in the West - Aldershot - Ashgate, 2000.

      

123. Marmo Costantino. La funzione del contesto: teorie 'continentali' e 'inglesi' a confronto sull'eliminazione dell'equivocitò tra fine XIII e inizio XIV secolo. In "Ad Ingenii Acuitionem". Studies in honour of Alfonso Maierù. Edited by Caroti Stefano et al. Louvain-la-Neuve: Fédération Internationale des Instituts d'Études Médiévales 2006. pp. 249-280

      

124. Meier-Oeser Stephan. Die Spur des Zeichens. Das Zeichen und seine Funktion in der Philosophie des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter 1997.

      

125. Meier-Oeser Stephan. The meaning of 'significatio' in Scholastic logic. In Signs and signification. Vol. II. Edited by Singh Gill Harjeet and Manetti Giovanni. New Delhi: Bahri Publications 1999. pp. 89-107

      

126. Michaud-Quantin Pierre. L'emploi des termes logica et dialectica au moyen age. In Arts libéraux et philosophie au moyen age. Montreal: Institut d'études médiévales 1965. pp. 855-862
     Réimprimé dans: P. Michaud-Quantin - Études sur le vocabulaire philosophique du Moyen Âge - Roma, Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 1970, pp. 59-72

      

127. Miriam Joseph Sister. The Trivium. The Liberal Arts of logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Understanding the nature and function of language. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books 2002.
     New edition edited by Marguerite McGlinn (First edition 1937, second 1940, third 1948).

      

128. Moody Ernest. Truth and consequence in mediaeval logic. Amsterdam : North-Holland 1953.
     Reprinted in 1976 Westport, Greenwood Press

      

129. Moody Ernest, "The medieval contribution to logic," Studium Generale 19: 443-452 (1966).
     Reinted in: E. A. - Studies in medieval philosophy, science, and logic. Collected papers 1933-1969 - pp. 371-392.

      

130. Moody Ernest. Studies in medieval philosophy, science, and logic. Collected Papers 1933-1969. Berkeley: University of California Press 1975.

      

131. Novaes Catarina Dutilh, "Formalizations après la lettre: studies in medieval logic and semantics", 2006.

      

132. Novaes Catarina Dutilh. Formalizing medieval logical theories. Suppositio, Consequentiae and Obligationes. New York: Springer 2007.
     Contents: Introduction.- 1. Supposition theory: algorithmic hermeneutics; 2. Buridan's notion of Consequentia; 3. Obligationes as logical games; 4. The philosophy of formalization; Conclusion; References; Index of names and topics.
     
     "This book presents novel formalizations of three of the most important medieval logical theories: supposition, consequence and obligations. In an additional fourth part, an in-depth analysis of the concept of formalization is presented - a crucial concept in the current logical panorama, which as such receives surprisingly little attention.
     Although formalizations of medieval logical theories have been proposed earlier in the literature, the formalizations presented here are all based on innovative vantage points: supposition theories as algorithmic hermeneutics, theories of consequence analyzed with tools borrowed from model-theory and two-dimensional semantics, and obligations as logical games. For this reason, this is perhaps the first time that these medieval logical theories are made fully accessible to the modern philosopher and logician who wishes to obtain a better grasp of them, but who has always been held back by the lack of appropriate 'translations' into modern terms.
     Moreover, the book offers a reflection on the very nature of logic, a reflection that is prompted by the comparisons between medieval and modern logic, their similarities and dissimilarities. It is thus a contribution not only to the history of logic, but also to the philosophy of logic, the philosophy of language and semantics.
     The analysis of medieval logic is also relevant for the modern philosopher and logician in that, being the unifying methodology used across all disciplines at that time, logic really provided unity to science. It thus presents a unified model of scientific investigation, where logic plays the aggregating role."

      

133. Novak Joseph, "Some recent work on the assertoric syllogistic," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 21: 229-242 (1980).

      

134. Nuchelmans Gabriel. Theories of proposition. Ancient and medieval conceptions of the bearers of truth and falsity. Amsterdam : North-Holland 1973.
     Contents: Preface V; 1. Introduction 1; 2. Plato 13; 3. Aristotle 23; 4. The Stoic lekton 45; 5. The Stoic axioma 75; 6. Later developments in Greek antiquity 89; 7. The transition to the Latin West 105; 8. Boethius and the beginning of the Middle Ages 123; 9. Abelard 139; 10. The doctrine of the dictum in the century after Abelard 165; 11. Preliminaries to the fourteenth century debate 177; 12. The complexum theory of Ockham and Holkot 195; 13. Some reist opponents of Ockham and Holkot 209; 14. The theory of the complexe significabile 227; 15. The oppositions against the theory of the complexe significabile 243; 16. The significate of a true propositio 273; Selective bibliography 281; Indices 289-309

      

135. Nuchelmans Gabriel. The semantics of propositions. In The Cambridge history of later medieval philosophy from the rediscovery of Aristotle to the disintegration of Scholasticism 1100-1600. Edited by Kretzmann Nicolas, Kenny Anthony, and Pinborg Jan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982. pp. 197-212
     Reprinted as Chapter II in: G. Nuchelmans - Studies on the history of logic and semantics, 12th-17th centuries - Aldershot, Variorum, 1996

      

136. Nuchelmans Gabriel. Secundum / tertium adiacens. Vicissitudes of a logical distinction. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij 1992.
     Contents: 1. The origin of the distinction in Aristotle's De interpretatione 7; 2. Boethius' treatment of the pertinent Aristotelian passages 10; 3. Continuations of the Aristotelian-Boethian line 14; 4. The emergence of secundum adiacens 19; 5. Fourteenth-century developments 23; 6. The issue of existential import 29; 7. The three-part analysis of categorical propositions 31; 8. The two-part analysis of categorical propositions 35; 9. The decline of the distinction 41; 10. Propositions called de primo adiacente 45; 11 . Another type of proposition called de primo adiacente 50-56.

      

137. Nuchelmans Gabriel. Studies on the history of logic and semantics, 12th-17th centuries. Aldershot: Ashgate 1996.
     Edited by Egbert P. Bos

      

138. Oesterle J.A., "Another approach to the problem of meaning," Thomist 7: 233-263 (1944).

      

139. Øhrstrøm Peter, "'Temporalis' in medieval logic," Franciscan Studies 42: 166-179 (1982).

      

140. Panaccio Claude. Solving the Insolubles: hints from Ockham and Burley. In Sophisms in medieval logic and grammar. Edited by Read Stephen. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1993. pp. 398-410

      

141. Panaccio Claude. Le discours intérieur. De Platon à Guillaume d'Ockham. Paris: Editions du Seuil 1999.
     About this volume see the special number of "Laval Théologique et Philosophique" vol. 57 n. 2 (June 2001)

      

142. Panaccio Claude. Le nominalisme au XIIe siècle. In Signs and signification. Vol. I. Edited by Singh Gill Harjeet and Manetti Giovanni. New Delhi: Bahri Publications 1999. pp. 17-33

      

143. Paqué Ruprecht. Le statut parisien des nominalistes. Recherches sur la formation du concept de réalité de la science moderne de la nature. Guillaume d'Ockham, Jean Buridan et Pierre d'Espagne, Nicole d'Autrecourt et Grégoire de Rimini. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1987.
     French translation of Paqué 1970

      

144. Parsons Terence, "The Doctrine of Distribution," History and Philosophy of Logic 27: 59-74 (2006).
     "Peter Geach describes the 'doctrine of distribution' as the view that a term is distributed if it refers to everything that it denotes, and undistributed if it refers to only some of the things that it denotes. He argues that the notion, so explained, is incoherent. He claims that the doctrine of distribution originates from a degenerate use of the notion of 'distributive supposition' in medieval supposition theory sometime in the 16th century. This paper proposes instead that the doctrine of distribution occurs at least as early as the 12th century, and that it originates from a study of Aristotle's notion of a term's being 'taken universally', and not from the much later theory of distributive supposition. A detailed version of the doctrine found in the Port Royal Logic is articulated, and compared with a slightly different modern version. Finally, Geach's arguments for the incoherence of the doctrine are discussed and rejected."
     
     "1. Introduction
     This paper is about the 'doctrine of distribution' as described and criticized by Peter Geach. My goal is to provide an alternative to Geach's account of the history of the doctrine and to defend the doctrine against his claims that it is incoherent. This paper discusses:
     (1) what the 'doctrine of distribution' is;
     (2) some of Peter Geach's criticisms of the doctrine;
     (3) Geach's story of the history of the doctrine;
     (4) an alternative account of the history of the doctrine;
     (5) the version of the doctrine as it occurs in the Port Royal Logic;
     (6) a defence of the coherence of the doctrine."

      

145. Perler Dominik. Der propositionale Wahreitsbegriffe im 14. Jahrhundert. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 1992.

      

146. Pinborg Jan. Logik und Semantik im Mittelalter. Eine Ueberblick. Stuttgart, Bad Cannstat: Friedrich Frommann Verlag Gunther Holzboog KG 1972.
     Translated in Italian as: Logica e semantica nel Medioevo - Torino, Boringhieri, 1984.

      

147. Pinborg Jan, "A note on some theoretical concepts of logic and grammar," Revue Internationale de Philosophie 21: 286-296 (1975).

      

148. Pinborg Jan, "The English contribution to logic before Ockham," Synthese 40: 19-42 (1979).

      

149. Pinborg Jan. Medieval semantics. Selected studies on medieval logic. Edited by Ebbesen Sten. London: Variorum Reprints 1984.

      

150. Pini Giorgio, "Species, concept, and thing: theories of signification in the second half of the Thirteenth century," Medieval Philosophy and Theology 8: 21-52 (2000).

      

151. Pozzi Lorenzo. Studi di logica antica e medievale. Padova: Liviana Editrice 1974.

      

152. Pozzi Lorenzo. La coerenza logica nella teoria medioevale delle obbligazioni: con l'edizione del trattato 'Obligationes' di Guglielmo Buser. Parma : Zara 1990.

      

153. Pozzi Lorenzo, "Il tempo e il valore di verità delle proposizioni possibili nella teoria medievale delle obbligazioni," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 17: 281-308 (1991).

      

154. Preti Giulio. Dialettica terministica e probabilismo del pensiero medievale. In La crisi dell'uso dogmatico della ragione. Edited by Banfi Antonio. Roma: Bocca 1953. pp. 61-97
     Reprinted in: G. Preti - Saggi filosofici. Storia della logica e storiografia filosofica - Vol. II - Firenze, La Nuova Italia, pp. 17-69.

      

155. Preti Giulio, "Studi sulla logica formale nel Medioevo," Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia (1953).
     Reprinted in: G. Preti - Saggi filosofici. Storia della logica e storiografia filosofica - Vol. II - Firenze, La Nuova Italia, pp. 71-135.

      

156. Preti Giulio, "La dottrina della "vox significativa" nella semantica terministica classica," Rivista Critica di Storia della Filosofia (1955).
     Reprinted in: G. Preti - Saggi filosofici. Storia della logica e storiografia filosofica - Vol. II - Firenze, La Nuova Italia, pp. 137-194.

      

157. Priest Graham and Read Stephen, "Intentionality: Meinongianism and the medievals," Australasian Journal of Philosophy 82: 421-442 (2004).
     "Intentional verbs create three different problems: problems of non-existence, of indeterminacy, and of failure of substitutivity. Meinongians tackle the first problem by recognizing non-existent objects; so too did many medieval logicians. Meinongians and the medievals approach the problem of indeterminacy differently, the former diagnosing an ellipsis for a propositional complement, the latter applying their theory directly to non-propositional complements. The evidence seems to favour the Meinongian approach. Faced with the third problem, Ockham argued bluntly for substitutivity when the intentional complement is non-propositional; Buridan developed a novel way of resisting substitutivity. Ockham's approach is closer to the Meinongian analysis of these cases; Buridan's seems to raise difficulties for a referential semantics. The comparision between the Meinongian and medieval approaches helps to bring out merits and potential pitfalls of each."

      

158. Rosier Irène and Stefanini Jean. Théories médiévales du pronom et du nom général. In De Ortu grammaticae. Studies in medieval grammar and linguistics theory in memory of Jan Pinborg. Edited by Bursill-Hall Geoffrey L., Ebbesen Sten, and Koerner Konrad. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 1990. pp. 285-303

      

159. Rosier Irène, "Les sophismes grammaticaux au XIIIe siècle," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 17: 175-230 (1991).

      

160. Roueché Mossman, "A middle Byzantine handbook of logic terminology," Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 29: 71-98 (1980).

      

161. Seung-Chan Park. Die Rezeption der Mittelaterlichen Sprachphilosophie in der Theologie des Thomas Aquin: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Analogie. Leiden: Brill 1999.

      

162. Simmons Keith, "A medieval solution to the Liar Paradox," History and Philosophy of Logic 8: 121-140 (1987).

      

163. Spade Paul Vincent, "Recent research on medieval logic," Synthese 40: 3-18 (1979).

      

164. Spade Paul Vincent. Lies, language and logic in the Middle Ages. Aldershot: Variorum Reprints 1988.

      

165. Spade Paul Vincent. The logic of the Categorical: the medieval theory of Descent and Ascent. In Meaning and inference in medieval philosophy. Studies in memory of Jan Pinborg. Edited by Kretzmann Norman. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1988. pp. 187-224

      

166. Spade Paul Vincent. Thoughts, words and things: an introduction to late mediaeval logic and semantic theory.1996.
     Available on the Internet at the site "Mediaeval Logic and Philosophy".

      

167. Spade Paul Vincent. Late medieval logic. In Routledge history of philosophy. Volume III: Medieval philosophy. Edited by Marenbon John. New York: Routledge 1998. pp. 402-425

      

168. Stump Eleonore, "Dialectic in the Eleventh and Twelfth centuries: Garlandus Compotista," History and Philosophy of Logic 1: 1-18 (1980).
     "Dialectic is a standard and important part of the "Logica vetus" (or old logic) in medieval philosophy. It has its ultimate origins in Aristotle's "Topics", its fundamental source in Boethius's "De topics differentiis", and its flowering in its absorption into fourteenth-century theories of consequences or conditional inferences. The chapter on topics in Garlandus Compotista's logic book is the oldest scholastic work on dialectic still extant. In this paper I show the differences between Boethius's theory of topics and Garlandus's in order to illustrate the role of topics in early scholastic logic. I argue that for Garlandus topics are warrants for the inference from the antecedent to the consequent in a conditional proposition and that he is interested in topics because of overriding interest in hypothetical syllogisms. I conclude by discussing briefly the relationship between Garlandus's use of topics and Twelfth-century accounts."

      

169. Stump Eleonore, "Roger Swyneshed's theory of obligation," Medioevo: Rivista di Storia della Filosofia Medievale 7: 135-174 (1981).

      

170. Stump Eleonore. Logic in the early Twelfth century. In Meaning and inference in medieval philosophy. Studies in memory of Jan Pinborg. Edited by Kretzmann Norman. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1988. pp. 31-55

      

171. Stump Eleonore. Dialectic and its place in the development of medieval logic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1989.

      

172. Sullivan Mark, "What was true or false in the Old Logic," Journal of Philosophy 67: 788-800 (1970).

      

173. Thom Paul. Medieval modal systems. Problems and concepts. Aldershot: Ashgate 2003.

      

174. Thomas Ivo. The later history of the Pons Asinorum. In Contributions to logic and methodology in honor of J. M. Bochenski. Edited by Tymieniecka Anna-Teresa. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1965. pp. 142-150

      

175. Trentman John, "Lesniewski's Ontology and some medieval logicians," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 7: 361-364 (1966).

      

176. Valente Luisa, "Names that can be said of everything: Porphyrian tradition and 'transcendental' terms in Twelfth-century logic," Vivarium 45: 298-310 (2007).
     "n an article published in 2003, Klaus Jacobi-using texts partially edited in De Rijk's Logica Modernorum-demonstrated that twelfth-century logic contains a tradition of reflecting about some of the transcendental names (nomina transcendentia). In addition to reinforcing Jacobi's thesis with other texts, this contribution aims to demonstrate two points: 1) That twelfth-century logical reflection about transcendental terms has its origin in the logica vetus, and especially in a passage from Porphyry Isagoge and in Boethius's commentary on it. In spite of the loss of the major part of the Aristotelian corpus, the twelfth-century masters in logic still received some Aristotelian theses concerning the notions of one and being via Porphyry and Boethius; on the basis of such theses, they were able to elaborate a sort of proto-theory of the transcendentals as trans-categorical terms. 2) That this theory is centred on the idea that there exists a particular group of names which have the property that they can be said of everything; this group includes "being", "one", "thing" and "something" (ens, unum, res, aliquid). Twelfth-century masters in logic try to question the (originally Aristotelian) thesis that these terms are equivocal, although they do not deny it completely."

      

177. Valente Luisa. Logique et théologie. Les écoles parisiennes entre 1150 et 1220. Paris: Vrin 2008.

      

178. Van de Vyver A., "Les étapes du développement philosophique du haut Moyen Age," Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 8: 425-453 (1929).

      

179. Vineis Edoardo and Maierù Alfonso. Medieval linguistics. In History of linguistics. Volume II. Edited by Lepschy Giulio C. London: Longman 1994. pp.
     English translation of: E. Vineis, A. Maierù (eds.) - La linguistica medievale - Vol. II of: Giulio C. Lepschy (ed.) - Storia della linguistica - Bologna, Il Mulino, 1990.

      

180. Weinberg Julius. Abstraction, relaton, and induction: Three essays in the history of thought. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press 1965.

      

181. Yrjönsuuri Mikko, "Aristotle's Topics and medieval obligational disputations," Synthese 96: 59-82 (1993).
     "Although early medieval logic was essentially based on Aristotle's works, many branches of the so-called logica moderna, which has emerged since the late twelfth century, have quite remote roots in the Organon, the collection of Aristotle's logical works. My interest in this paper is primarily directed to the genre of the logica moderna called obligationes. Treatises of this genre discussed special kinds of disputations based on obligations or duties of a certain kind. This theory developed with the logica moderna in the thirteenth and especially in the fourteenth centuries. As it stands, it looks rather peculiar, and accordingly modern scholars have found it difficult to link it with the rest of the logica moderna in an organic way. Connections to Aristotle have often been thought to be even more remote, perhaps to be found only on the level of Aristotle's particular phrases.
     My purpose in this paper is to show how the theory of obligations can be put into the context of Aristotelian theory of disputation, as it was understood in the Middle Ages. As I see it, what is known as the theory of obligations is a natural and interesting development of some new ideas within the context of Aristotelian theory of dialectical disputations, as presented in the Topics. It even seems reasonable to suppose that the theory evolved from medieval interpretations of the Topics."

      

182. Yrjönsuuri Mikko, "Obligationes. 14th century logic of disputational duties," Acta Philosophica Fennica 55: 3-182 (1994).

      

183. Yrjönsuuri Mikko. Medieval formal logic. Obligations, insolubles and consequences. Dordrecht: Kluwer 2001.

      

RELATED PAGES

The Problem of Universals in Antiquity and Middle Ages

Annotated bibliographies of:

E. J. Ashworth

L. M. de Rijk

Last modified: Monday, February 08, 2010